The economics of a professional services firm are simple and unforgiving: revenue is people multiplied by rate multiplied by utilisation. Two of those are hard to move. The third leaks continuously through work that has to happen and cannot be billed, and it leaks worst at the senior end where the rate is highest.
Proposals are the clearest case. A partner assembles a proposal from previous proposals, which means finding them, remembering which one was closest, and rewriting it for the current situation. The knowledge required to do this well is exactly the knowledge that makes them expensive, and the mechanical part of the task, finding, assembling, formatting, checking consistency, is most of the elapsed time.
Status reporting is the recurring version of the same problem. Every engagement produces a report, most of the content is derivable from what has actually happened in the delivery systems, and it gets written by hand anyway because assembling it from the systems takes longer than writing it from memory.
Time capture is the quiet one. Timesheets completed on Friday from memory are systematically inaccurate in a predictable direction: work that was clearly billable gets recorded, and the fragments do not. Those fragments are a real share of the week, and the firm never sees them because nothing recorded them.
Utilisation is measured monthly, which means the month is over before anyone can act. A person who was underutilised in the first fortnight could have been redeployed if anyone had known, and by the time the report arrives that fortnight is a fact rather than a decision.
Underlying all of it is a knowledge problem: the firm has done this work before, and the constraint on reusing it is confidentiality rather than search. Which makes the boundary design the actual engagement.